{"id":681,"date":"2026-10-06T18:45:22","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T18:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.une.edu\/unepast\/?p=681"},"modified":"2026-10-06T18:53:36","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T18:53:36","slug":"human-impact","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.une.edu\/unepast\/2026\/10\/06\/human-impact\/","title":{"rendered":"Human Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Environmental historian William Cronon is famous\u2014infamous in some circles\u2014for arguing that wilderness<\/a> is not confined to big areas in the West which stand as models all should strive for (even if at the expense of human populations). Wilderness is not defined by an absence of human activity, he argues. Americans, in particular, have told themselves that nature was \u201cgood and whole before we got our hands on it<\/a> \u2026 the story is of a fall.\u201d Wilderness, in this view, is a place untouched. The problem is, there are not actually any such places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conflict between the fantasy and the reality turns up in debates about how to present and maintain seemingly wild places such as the Apostle Islands<\/a> in Wisconsin. Here, the parks service follows a policy whereby evidence of human activity\u2014or at least activity that is not ancient (Native American sites) or picturesque (such as lighthouses)\u2014should be removed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Cronon, this is wrong. The story of the islands is a story of the interactions between flora, fauna, geography, climate, and<\/em> humans. It is the story of farmers, tourists, fishermen, Native Americans, and all of the others who have visited and changed the place as much as it is of rocks, trees, and various animals. It is possible to celebrate non-human nature and nature alike, to see how the inevitable interactions played out, and to learn from them. Wilderness is everywhere.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As our investigation proceeds this semester, I find myself thinking about his argument almost constantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The University New England campus may not be designated a \u201cwilderness\u201d area, but it sits in an idyllic spot, featuring woods and shoreline. It is very easy to look at the river, the rocks, the trees, and the scrubs and to think it more or less timeless. Virtually everybody on campus has failed to notice the bricks embedded in the trails near Jordan\u2019s Point, or to wonder about the shape of the landscape as grass gives way to trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The deeper we get into our investigation this fall, however, the more challenging it is to miss the signs of human labor. The moment you look closely, even a little bit, with the idea in the mind that humans changed this, the more you see that change. You wonder how it happened. You wonder why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last spring, I was walking the trail from Jordan\u2019s Point with Tom Wessels, author of the fabulous Reading the Forested Landscape<\/a><\/em>. He was on campus to give a talk and the walk was simply a chance for a quick breather between engagements. When we entered the woods, he stopped and looked around. \u201cWell, this landscape has certainly been altered.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

I recall blinking. Looking around. I could see what he meant. Of course, neither of us knew why it was altered, or by whom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the past week, the discovery of some photographs that we hadn\u2019t seen before offered some pretty significant clues. Jordan\u2019s Point was not home to a house, it was the site of a farm consisting of numerous buildings.<\/em><\/strong> Our task now is to figure out where each stood and to try to make sense of what happened there and why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project of figuring that out began with a careful visual survey of the area. Our glass expert, Miles, was the first there. As he peered at the photograph and walked the landscape, he noticed a large number of bricks we hadn\u2019t seen before. A chimney? Something else?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

When the rest of the crew arrived, we started wondering if they\u2019d built the farmhouse on a natural ledge, taking advantage of it to situate the porch and to highlight the view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Trees, grass, shrubs. Seems wild only at first brush. Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Exploring the woods where Wessels had commented on human alteration, we noted flat spots where buildings might have stood, or farm work been done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A second photograph, taken of Norwoods\u2019 Wharf and looking towards campus, offers clues not about Jordan\u2019s Point, but about land use nearby. It also shows fleeting views of two buildings not far from the Wayside and the Willows. Who lived there? It shows the opening to Town Landing, the closest thing we have at the minute to a photograph of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Norwood\u2019s Wharf, looking towards what is now the UNE Campus. Notice the Sears windmill just left of top\/center. Photo by Richard H. Gay. Courtesy McArthur Library, Biddeford, ME.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

As the students excavated two new test pits, one near what we take to be a dock, the other at the \u201cchimney\u201d (?) site, we tried to uncover answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n
Students excavate a possible chimney site (the mysterious dark shape in the 1955 mentioned in a previous blog post?), Prof. Arthur Anderson looking on. The tyranny of recording our every move is never far away. Archaeology isn’t all about digging holes. There’s paperwork too. Photos by Eric G. E. Zuelow.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

There weren\u2019t any, but the results were no less interesting for that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flake!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Near the dock, we did not turn up any nails or the like. But the students found a stone flake. A little piece of red stone cleaved from a larger piece by a Wabanaki inhabitant of the area as far back as 1000 BCE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under a microscope, you can see evidence of the craftsperson\u2019s efforts to finish and sharpen the tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Tiny flake discovered at Jordan’s Point by students in HIS 399: Time Team New England, Fall 2026. Photo by Arthur Anderson.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The stone itself isn\u2019t local. It visually matches Mesozoic chert which comes from the Minas Basin in Nova Scotia. Arthur\u2019s work around the UNE campus, along with prior archaeological surveys, make clear that this stone was commonly used during the Middle and Late Woodland period, about 1500 years ago right up to the arrival of Europeans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last summer, Arthur made a trek to the Minas Basin where he collected samples of the stone for use in experimental tool replication. The site is over 300 miles from the campus, many more if you travel overland. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arthur notes that the Gulf of Maine was well connected in the past, and in addition to this trade in stone, Champlain and Lescarbot record a raid on the village of Chouacoet \u2014 now our campus \u2014 undertaken from Port Royal, NS in 1607. Relations across the Gulf of Maine were close, if not always peaceful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Stone similar to the one used to make the above flake. Photo by Arthur Anderson.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Site from which the stone used originated in Nova Scotia. Photo by Arthur Anderson.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Chimney?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our chimney test pit failed to deliver any solid answers. The bricks show surprisingly few signs of charring as might be expected in a fireplace. Beyond some bottle class, there wasn\u2019t much to show real habitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019re not reaching any conclusions just yet, but there was a curious brick amongst the collection. Smaller. Different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n
The mystery brick. Photos by Arthur Anderson.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dating bricks is difficult. Hypothetically, it could be older. Maybe it came from elsewhere and was reused. Maybe not. The mysteries mount.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Final Survey<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the students dug, Eric walked the site still more. He didn\u2019t find anything obvious, only a shard of window glass down from where we\u2019re digging, closer to the erstwhile jetty although still on the high area near the Riverside tent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miles, our glass expert, immediately concluded that it is Victorian. The color of the edges, a dead give-away.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There wasn\u2019t enough of it to suggest our house site, but perhaps a test pit is called for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the students had gone and we\u2019d cleaned our gear, the professors made a quick trip to our 2025 dig site at Norwoods\u2019 Wharf. After catching up with our old friend Abby Haskell, we looked across at Jordan\u2019s Point from more or less the vantage point of the photographer, Robert H. Gay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Jordan’s Point as it appears today. Photo by Eric G. E. Zuelow.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Image of Jordan’s Point taken from Norwoods’ Wharf by Robert H. Gay in 1910. Image courtesy of McArthur Public Library, Biddeford, ME.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

With more trees and a lot more foliage, it is incredibly difficult to judge where things might have been. The little structures near the river are easy enough, but beyond that\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And so, we continue to dig for answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014 Eric G. E. Zuelow and Arthur Anderson<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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